Minding Other Peoples Business in Pride and Prejudice by...

Minding Other Peoples Business in Pride and Prejudice In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen prominently presents interference in many guises. In fact, meddling is the dominant action that propels the plot. Incidents of meddling starkly portray many of the social and economic realities in Austens world, realities quite different from our own. Yet, in portraying motivations from the selfish to the altruistic, Austen also uses interference as a litmus test of the intelligence and integrity of her characters - qualities valued equally in her time and our own. Mrs. Bennets role as an interfering mother is established from the opening scene. She declares that she is thinking of their new neighbor, Mr. Bingley,†¦show more content†¦At Netherfield to attend to Jane, Elizabeth is forced to socialize with the Bingleys and their friend Mr. Darcy. Here Caroline Bingley first perceives Elizabeth as an interloper in her campaign for Mr. Darcys attentions and mercilessly ridicules her and her family.Miss Bingley is motivated by self-interest and continues her campaign even as it compels Mr. Darcy to come to Elizabeths defense.All of this plot development evolves from Mrs. Bennets insistence on Janes horseback ride to Netherfield.Her pushy interference has the overall effect of establishing the desired acquaintance, while Miss Bingleys more subtle meddling is enlightening to Mr. Darcy. Though he may be appalled by Mrs. Bennets behavior and bemused by Miss Bingleys, Mr. Darcy is not averse to meddling.His quiet but firm interference in the relationship of Mr. Bingley and Jane is significant and instrumental to the plot. Along with Bingleys sisters, Darcy is not in favor of a match between Jane and Bingley. The sisters want their brother to marry Darcys younger sister, Georgiana.For his part, Darcy objects to the inferior social status of the Bennet family, but he is even more disturbed by the behavior of Mrs. Bennet and her younger daughters. If that were not enough, he sees Janes quiet and restrained love for Bingley as mere indifference.He plots with the Bingley sisters to keep their brother in London for the winter, far away fromShow MoreRelatedMwds3090 Words   |  13 PagesName: Biography of author: Jane Austen was born in 1775 in England where she lived for the first 25 years of her life. She began to write while as a teen and finished Pride and Prejudice in 1796. The manuscript was first rejected and it wasn’t until 1809 that Austen made revision to it. During her life however, only her immediate family knew that she was an authoress. She never married and published six novels before her death. Title: Pride and Prejudice Author: Jane Austen Genre: Comedy of Manners

Child Rearing Practice Among Filipino Family by Zaira de Leon

DONA REMEDIOS TRINIDAD ROMUALDEZ MEDICAL FOUNDATION FINAL PAPER FOR PSYCHIATRY MED- I CHILD REARING PRACTICE AMONG FILIPINO FAMILY SUBMITTED BY: ZAIRA NINA T. DE LEON MEDICINE- I Child rearing practices vary from culture to culture, influenced by a myriad of factors that include environment, education, income, family structure, religion and many others. Trends in childrearing differ even among people of the same culture in different economic and environmental situations. Thus, childrearing in urban and rural areas in the same country may be very dissimilar. Infant and childhood behavior and development are affected by parental expectations, caretaking, and†¦show more content†¦Among the important values are ; respect and obedience for elders; modesty and proper behavior, responsibility such as helping parents or siblings; friendliness; human concern and interaction with others or pakikisama; reciprocal feeling of obligation between two persons. Other Filipino values that are not as desirable are dependency, often carried into adulthood; shyness or hiya, a feeling of low self-esteem; and colonial mentality, the Filipino attitude of having a preferenc e for foreign things and ideas or consumer goods. To enforce the teaching or transmission of these values to the small child, authoritarianism was the rule. Physical punishment in different forms, from scolding or tongue-lashing, threatening, spanking, pinching, ear pulling, and sometime, whipping were resorted to. There are however contrasting childrearing practices between the traditional authoritarian parents and the younger parents of today who are more liberal, and more conscious of children’s rights. In contrast to the authoritarian upbringing which consists of prohibitions and constant admonitions for the child to stop touching, clowning, jumping or talking, climbing or running around, the more liberal parents tend to be responsive, indulgent and overprotective. They give constant attention and hardly make any demands on the children. Food, toys, and other rewards are promised to pacify the child. Among the

Most Effective Kicks in Tae Kwon-Do Free Essays

Some kicks are more useful than others, so I’ll be walking you through the most powerful/effective kicks that are In Ate Swoon-Do. Let’s go through the attributes of a kick, we’ll start off with the base leg, the leg that stays on the ground during the kick. This leg Is just as Important (If anything more important) than you’re kicking leg, due to the fact that this leg has to grant you the flexibility to initiate the kick and also has to maintain balance throughout the kick. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Effective Kicks in Tae Kwon-Do or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever you begin a kick, you should allow the heel of the foot of your base leg to e raised slightly upward (Thus resting on the ball of your foot) to maintain maximum mobility while the kick is in motion, allowing you to turn in the correct position for the kick. If you need to shift your position as your Initiating the kick. You can also slide/ skip on the ball of your foot toward the desired direction. The knee of your base leg should be slightly bent whenever you perform a kicking technique, this adds to the over-all balance of your body; you will be able to adjust your position easily, by adding more or less bend to your knee, to compensate for the height and velocity of our kick. Now onto the striking leg, first off you never really want to fully extend your leg when kicking. The knee of the striking leg should remain slightly bent. This is accomplished by maintaining muscle control over the lower part of your leg, and not allowing the momentum of the kick to force your leg to hyper extend. Because the knee joint is one of the most sensitive joints of the human body be sure to keep both knees slightly bent, to prevent them hypertension or bending backward unnaturally. Side Snap The basic side snap, is performed by initially shifting the majority of your body eight to your base leg as your striking leg (Be it your front or rear leg) rises up with a bent knee to waist level. As your striking leg rises, you pivot on the ball of your base foot so your heel is facing your target. Your body leans sideways toward the ground as your striking leg is extended toward your target. The impact is made with the heel or outside ridge of your foot. You can substantially Increase the range of the side snap by allowing the momentum of its launch to drive you forward. To do so, enter into a fighting stance and begin by launching the side snap with the front or rear leg. Round. By performing the side snap in this fashion, you allow your base leg to slide slightly forward across the floor, propelled by the momentum developed when your striking leg is launched toward its target. Not only does this add to the range of the kick, but also increases its power as well, due to the fact that the force of your entire body is behind it. One of the main problems with delivering the sliding side snap is that many people will release the kicks power before they are in range of their target. When performing the side snap in this style, it is imperative to remember not to unleash your striking legs power from your hip, until your target is close and you are sure of making contact with it. If this kick is done to far from your target, the most you can hope to accomplish is that your extended leg will make touching contact with your opponent. You will not, however, have any debilitating impact. Therefore, keep your side snap retracted until target impact is ensured. Turn-around Side Snap Structurally similar to the side snap, the turn-around side snap is a spinning variation of the basic side snap. This kick is executed by first turning your head round, keeping an eye on your target. You turn your head simultaneously pivoting your body on the ball of the foot of you lead base leg so that the heel of your base leg is facing your opponent. Your kicking technique is then launched from rear-leg position, in side kick fashion The turn-around side snap is a muscle-driven technique. Impact with this kick is made with the heel or the outside ridge of your foot. The ideal targets for the turn-around side snap are your opponent’s knee, midsection or head The turn-around side snap can be used both offensively and offensively; it can be used as a single offensive movement or as a rapid combination of kicks alternating from one foot to the next. It can also be used defensively as a counter attack when your opponent is throwing a punch or a kick that leaves him open. All-Around Swing Kick The all-around swing kick is one of the most powerful techniques in a Ate Swoon- Do practitioner’s kicking arsenal. The momentum this kick can have has a devastating effect upon any object it strikes. The all-around swing kick is executed by turning your head around behind you, to make sure your target hasn’t moved, as you multitudinously pivot 1800 on the ball of your base foot. Your rear leg lifts off the ground and proceeds toward its target in a circular fashion. This kick strikes its target with the back of your heel. The all-around swing kick is most effective when delivered to the head or mid-section of your opponent. It is important to drive your kick to go â€Å"through† your target, in other words, you don’t want to stop Just as you hit your target, you want the kick to follow through. Doing this well result in greater power and making it harder to defend against. Like most kicks, the all-around swing kick can be used defensively or offensively Front Snap The front snap, is one of the first kicks that all Ate Swoon-Do students learn. Most devastatingly effective offensive/defensive techniques in your kicking arsenal when performed correctly. The basic front snap is performed by entering into a traditional fighting stance. You then launch your striking leg forward by quickly raising the knee of your striking leg up to the desired height (It all depends on where you planning to attack, be it the head, mid-section or legs). The lower section of your tricking leg is then immediately snapped outward in the direction of your target. The front snaps power is developed by a combination of upper-leg muscle strength and lower-leg snapping momentum. The impact of the kick can be made with either the instep of your foot of the ball of your foot. To strike with the ball of your foot, you need to pull back your toes, exposing the ball of your foot. Performing the front snap with the ball of your foot is more advanced and takes additional practice. Through continued practice, however, the ability to instantly pull back your toes will become tie natural. The reason it is so important to pull back your toes (Even if you are wearing shoes), is that if you leave them in their naturally extended position, they can easily be broken when target impact is made. The basic front snap is an ideal close- contact fighting weapon. As us commonly understood, a front snap to the groin of any individual is universally debilitating. Other close-contact targets for this kick include; the solar plexus, the stomach, or the bottom of your opponent’s Jaw. Axe Kick The axe kick, is a close-contact offensive and defensive weapon. The axe kick is performed by quickly raising your striking leg (Depending if your kicking with your front or rear leg), in a linear fashion, and then forcefully bringing your heel/ball of your foot, down onto the shoulder/chest/face of your opponent. The basic axe kick is only effective in close-contact infighting situations, but it is quite easy to extend the range of this kick. Enter into a fighting stance and prepare to launch an axe kick from your preferred leg front of rear (although it’s mainly used with the rear leg). Now instead of performing it with your leg locked into position, visualize a target several feet in front of you. Quickly lift your striking leg. As you target. There are two ways to execute an axe kick; the traditional axe kick is brought inward, across your body, and then down-ward onto its target. The out-to-in axe kick is swung outward and is then brought down onto you opponents shoulder. The out-to-in axe kick is also a close- contact infighting weapon. It can most effectively be dispatched when your attacker has been taken hold of your clothing, or you have hold on his. Then, like before, the kick is quickly brought up and delivered to your opponents shoulder region Conclusion As we can see, kicks play a huge part in Ate Swoon-Do, we only went through 4 different kicks, there are many other (Such as hook kick, turning kick, swing kick, crescent kick, all-around hook kick, all-around swing kick†¦ Etc,). Kicks don’t need to be complicated or hard to perform in order to be effective, like we went through at the start, for a kick to be effective in combat, it needs to be fast, difficult to block and able to get through you’re opponents guard and hit its target. How to cite Most Effective Kicks in Tae Kwon-Do, Papers

Internet and E-Business A2Z Cosmetics

Questions: Scenario: A2Z Cosmetics is a newly established innovative fashion and cosmetics business facing several challenges to capture their possible share from the market. In a rapidly- changing industry, their future business is uncertain as a new entrant in the fashion industry. The management team is really keen to work on their marketing strategy to counter a highly competitive environment due to experienced and existing businesses. In order to structure a new e-business strategy, the shareholders of the company have decided to appoint an e-business consultant (with sound e-marketing experience). The consultant would work toward building the online presence of the business for better sales, improved marketing and brand development. The management team want to know how e-commerce and e-business technologies could be used to improve the companys operations alongside sales-growth. The chief executive, J. Simon, needs a report with answers of the questions illustrated below from you to convince Board of Directors for their new e-business project, presenting with an e-commerce website template of the company. Task 1:a) Discuss the environment in which e-business is conducted and describe various e-business transaction types.Guidance: In this question, you are expected to describe the environment in which A2Z Cosmetics should conduct its e-business and give examples of at least two business transaction types that you are familiar with.b) Explain the benefits and barriers to a business considering its online presence.Guidance: You have been asked to explain the benefits and barriers faced by A2Z Cosmetics. Your answer will be more effective if you can outline and discuss the possible benefits and challenges likely to be faced by the company.c) Assess the security and legislative issues facing the online business of A2Z Cosmetics.Guidance: In this question, you are expected to write what can be expected during online transactions and how legislations and various security measures attempt to minimise risks.d) State different modes of communication available to an e-business and their applicat ions.Guidance: Your answer to this question should identify different ways that can be used for communication when carrying out a business online. Your answer may include examples such as the role of shopping carts, FAQs and email etc. in e-commerce.Task 2:a) Explain relevant internet technologies and their importance in making an e-business successful.Guidance: Your answer should identify some examples of internet technologies and explain their importance in making an e-business successful. Your examples may include the concept of packet switching and the need for using standard internet protocols when communicating over the internet, including consideration about how this affects e-business world-wide.b) Explain the main features of HTML.Guidance: In this question, you are expected to produce a basic Hypertext Mark -up Language document coding structure and explain the main features and purpose of various sections in the structure.c) Analyse the functions of clients, servers and b rowsers. Also discuss the role of search engines and its application for A2Z Cosmetics.Guidance: Your answer to this question may be more effective if you can illustrate with a suitable diagram of Client-Server architecture and explain its associated benefits. Your answer should also describe major functions of browsers, and search engines and their role in an e-business.d) Evaluate the use of intranets and extranets within business communications.Guidance: Your answer to this question should explain intranets and extranets and their importance in facilitating business communication. Your answer may also explain under what circumstances you would encourage a company such as A2Z Cosmetics to adopt and use intranet and/or extranet.Task 3:a) Illustrate different e-business models that can be used to generate revenue for a business.Guidance: Your answer to this question can be more effective if you can describe the main e-business models with examples.b) Compare and contrast two models by assessing the benefits and challenges. Analyse each model in terms of its capacity to generate revenue.Guidance: Your answer should explain to what extent both e-business models can help A2Z Cosmetics to generate revenue.c) Report on future developments in e-business models.Guidance: In this question, you need to suggest any possible potential future developments in e-business models. Give reasons to justify your suggestions. Task 4:a) Use key elements of good website design structure.Guidance: Taking into consideration the new project goal proposed for A2Z Cosmetics, use a suitable template to design a simple Prototype Home webpage for the organization website. Give reasons or rationale of adopting the proposed website structure from a customers perspective.b) Evaluate the impact of a well-designed website on an e-business.Guidance: Using Amazons website (www.amazon.co.uk) as an example, explain why it would be important for the company to have a well-designed website.c) Report on the issues concerning website usability.Guidance: Using the example of Amazon website (www.amazon.co.uk), your answer may focus on evaluating the issues concerning website usability.Your discussion may include websites potential to meet the needs of different customers (e.g. parents, children, accessibility for the visually impaired etc). Answers: Introduction Electronic business is the process of conducting business on the internet that comprises of both buying and selling of goods and services along with processing payments and sharing information. It also collaborates with the business partners and controls and manages the production and is also focused on redefining relationships between organizations and individuals as well as among organizations (Al-Qirim, 2006). In this technologically savvy and fashion trendy world, many organizations opt for e-business for getting in contact with a huge number of customers at a time. In this busy world, customers in order to avoid the hustle and bustle of the market place as well as to save time opt for e-business for collecting information regarding the company as well as buying or selling products at a time (Foster, 2012). This assignment will be elaborately discussing about the structure of the e-business strategy that A2Z Cosmetics will be adopting for better and improved marketing, sales as well as development of the brand. This will be including the benefits, barriers of online presence along with security issues and different e-business models. Task 1 a) Conduction of e-business in the Environment Since the A2Z Cosmetics is a new business of fashion and cosmetics, it will be facing several problems in the e-business environment in the already congested market of fashion and cosmetic products. With the advancement of the technology and innovation of modern tools, the company needs to work in a dynamic environment where it needs to keep its strategies flexible (Boone and Kurtz, 2011). This is because; it will help the company to change according to the change in strategies in order to keep up the pace with the demands of the customers as well as suppliers and other competitors. Moreover, the environment also need to be technologically up to the mark and well equipped with all the modern amenities to facilitate the conduction of e-business successfully. Various types of e-business transactions types Immediate Payments- This type of transaction is a simple process where the customer when place an order and their card details gets valid due to accessibility of money gets checked (Miller and Engemann, 2014). The customer can no longer spend the money elsewhere and the bank will be debiting the money from the card. Ex- purchasing a book directly from the online store by directly paying money through card. Deferred payments- This kind of transaction works where the card details of the customers are checked and a shade is put on the account of the customers. Here also the customers cannot spend the money anywhere but the deferred transactions are not propelled to the bank for ending of the transaction and can only be completed when released manually (Shi and Murthy, 2003). Ex- purchasing a book and paying for it later by shading the card to the online company. b) Benefits and barriers considering the e-business Benefits Worldwide presence- A2Z Cosmetics will be getting an added advantage on e-business since the company will become globally present. In this technology and internet driven world, people generally opt for organizations that have e-business facility in order to place the order for the products anytime and at any place (Alhassan and Enagi, 2014). Cost effective Promotional and Marketing activities- The promotional and marketing activities of A2Z Cosmetics will be lessened since the information regarding the company and its products can easily be got on the companys website. The techniques of advertisement such as pay/click advertising where the company pays if the advertisements are viewed by the customers. This helps in reaching the customers easily and acknowledging them with the discounts and offers at the same time thereby reducing the extra costs (Yuksek, 2013). Competitive Strategy- In order to get a competitive advantage, A2Z Cosmetics need to go online. In this tech savvy world, all the companies prefer going online in order to reach its potential customers and to earn profits. The customers can easily know about the company details along with their services and products and according to their requirement and need opt for the company (Wang and Vaughan, 2014). This will give the company a higher customer database and higher profits thereby will give a competitive advantage over other competitors. Disadvantages- Data security- The A2Z Cosmetics may be facing the problems of security at the time of online transactions. There are certain hackers and email trackers where they track down the customer email id and can hamper the transaction of the customers where both the company and customer will be at a loss (Klatt, 2013). Moreover, the virus attacks can also hamper the database of the company. Up gradation of the system- With the progression of the technology, the online system of A2Z Cosmetics also need to be upgrade itself to keep a pace with the customers demands and the competitive environment (Saebi and Foss, 2014). For keeping the site performance un-interrupting and provide the customers with upgraded news and events, up gradation of the site is essential. Thought of Intangibility among customers- It is a common belief among the customers to touch the objects that they intend to buy. In online marketing, this facility cannot be obtained (Miller and Engemann, 2014). Customers in order to know the quality and material of the product prefer offline shopping. c) Security and legislative issues faced by the online business of A2Z cosmetics With the increase in cases of cybercriminals, the e-business sites need to be much more concerned during online transactions. The hackers track down the emails of the customers during the purchase of a product in an online store and can track down the card details of the customers leading to bankruptcy of the customers as well making a loss to the company by hacking the companys account (Wang and Vaughan, 2014). In order to fight with these increasing cybercriminals, there are several laws and legislations that have been taken as safety measures in order to minimize the treats of these. The Federal Trade Commission is in charge of securing online database for detecting the patterns of the cyber crime that leads to investigation and prosecution. The other measures of securing the online transactions are securing the account and asking additional ways for verifying the business providers, by keeping the passwords unique and strong and best use of the privacy and security settings on the websites (Saebi and Foss, 2014). The online terms policies, laws and conditions need to be read vividly regarding ensuring online contracts, importing or exporting regulations, recoding the obligations of retentions and control regulation of exchange. d) Different modes of communication that is available to e-business and their applications Emails- It is considered to be the most important form of electronic communication that helps in keeping a strong communication between the customers and the company. Through emails, company can even receive the feedbacks from the customers or any kind of complaints or thank you letters (Yuksek, 2013). This will help A2Z company in strengthening the relationship with its customers. Shopping Carts- The shopping carts are another part of effective communication since the company can keep a track on the customers buying behavior by seeing the shopping track (Yuksek, 2013). Offers, discounts and even recommendations can be given by the company to the customers based on their choices that will help in knowing the customers well and will also help in gaining the customer loyalty. FAQs- The FAQs contain the questions that are frequently asked by the clients or the customers regarding the company. This helps in knowing the company well and helps in gaining an effective communication between the company and clients and customers. Social Networking- The social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter etc help in attracting and gathering the customers for creating account in the websites of the online stores (Alhassan and Enagi, 2014). This helps in facilitating an effective communication between the customers and the company. Task 2 a) Importance of Internet technologies in making e-business successful In order to make the e-business successful, the full usage of the relevant internet technologies is essential for the e-business of A2Z Cosmetics. The Packet Switching is an important internet technology that is used for making the e-business of A2Z Cosmetics successful and competitive in this overcrowded marketplace. In Packet Switching, small chunks of packet or data are dynamically routed and transferred between layers that make the process secure (Klatt, 2013). The Network Access Layer is solely responsible in putting the data packets onto the given network. The Internet Layer is responsible for assembling as well as dissembling the packets into appropriate sizes in order to address the information into the packets. The Host-to-Host transport layer is the place where the TCP lies. The packet switching works in a real time environment and helps in transmitting the data quickly. Moreover, the iKP protocols are also designed that provides security in credit card payments thereby making a secured gateway of internet paying. The acquirer and merchant both require unforgettable proofs for the payment and authorization and without the consent of the customer; nothing can be changed (Saebi and Foss, 2014). The Millicent was also designed for transaction of very small; amounts such as cents and the transaction is so made that it is protected and free from any kind of fraud. b) Main features of HTML The HTML contains a start tag along with the end tag and has content in between these. The basic structure of HTML is content The HTML structure can be well written as First heading First paragraph. The denotes the heading that has as a start tag and end tag. Here the element content is: First heading. The denotes the paragraph that has as start tag and as end tag. Here the element content is: First paragraph. c) Functions of clients, servers and browsers Figure 1: Client-Server Architecture (Source: Yuksek, 2013, pp. 62) The client-server architecture helps ion communicating between the clients and servers directly on the internet. This facilitates their interaction through Web browser on the client side and Web server on the server side (Alhassan and Enagi, 2014). When a request is sent from client and the server receives a request, a secure connection is established with the computer of the client. Location of requested web page is done that formats in HTTP message and is reverted back to the client via the browser. Role of search engines and the application of it in the e-business of A2Z Cosmetics The applications of the search engines by A2Z Cosmetics are the killer technologies that play a major role in satisfaction of the customers. It facilitates the users in actively seeking for the products and information according to their requirement. This also facilitates in positioning of the company in the search lists of the customers thereby enabling the customers to get in touch with the company (Miller and Engemann, 2014). This dynamic nature of the search engine also helps in giving updated and accurate information and data to the customers. d) Use of intranet and extranet that helps in facilitating business communication (AC 2.4) The Intranet uses the Internet-based technology such as telnet, e-mail, TCP/IP, HTML, Web browser, HTTP and Web server for a selected number of users for accessing the web server. This helps in reduction of the costs, increased security, scalability, improvement in productivity and servicing the customers well (Foster, 2012). Apart from this, it also helps in increasing the competitiveness and in virtual networking where the employees can get access of the data irrespective of any place. This thereby improves the business communication that facilitates the sharing of information and joint working. On the other hand, the Extranet integrates the supply chain that helps in ordering, tracking the order as well managing the inventory online that facilitates the business communication effectively. Moreover, it also reduces the cost by making the online documentation of the technical and manuals for trading with customers and partners. In addition to this, it also improves the customer service by giving a direct access to the customers regarding the information and also is an improved and secured way of communication between the business partners (Boone and Kurtz, 2011). Moreover, the usage of the extranet also allows the staff to get the business information for 24 hours in a day that can be accessed from any location. Task 3 a) Different e-business models for generating revenue in a business Business 2 Business (B2B model) - The B2B model is quite an effective business model that A2Z Cosmetics can adopt in order to conduct business transactions between companies using internet and to generate revenues. Here, A2Z Cosmetics will be receiving the raw materials as well as finished products from the suppliers at a bulk amount where ordering to payments all are done online (Saebi and Foss, 2014). Ex- A2Z Cosmetics can import the raw materials such as acids, alkalis, antioxidants, amino acid etc. that are essential for manufacturing the cosmetic products. The payments and ordering of the raw materials are done on the online basis. Business 2 Customers (B2C model) - This model ensures the selling of the products directly to the customers. The whole process of ordering, payments and delivering the products to the customers are done online that also facilitates the tracking of the products by the customers through the companys website that also helps in generating revenues (Foster, 2012). Ex- A2Z Cosmetics sells the products to the customers where ordering to transactions are done via internet. Customer 2 Customer (C2C model) - In this model, the company is going to behave as a common place where the customers buy and sell the products as well as pays and receives money through the website (Miller and Engemann, 2014). Here, the website of the company may or may not charge for the services from the customers helping in generating revenues. b) Comparing and contrasting two E-business models helping to generate revenue The purchasing process of B2B business model is more complex compared to that of B2C model. In B2B business model the members that are included in the decision making process are from the domains of technical, operational, financial as well as business so buying decision depends on the mutual consent of all these concerned people. On B2C model, the customer is only the concerned process in buying the products. The payment procedure of B2B model differs from that the B2C model. In B2B model, the company opens an account in the name of the supplier where it deposits certain amount of money and on purchasing the products from suppliers; the money from that account gets debited. On the other hand, In B2C the customers either make direct or deferred payments for the product or service (Boone and Kurtz, 2011). The B2B process is comparatively a fast process and is more customized towards providing the products in compared to B2C business model. The volume of sales is smaller in B2C model a nd the sales involve more emotion compared to B2B business model. c) Future developments in e-business models With the development of the technology and with the changing demand of the customers and suppliers and also with the changing trend, the e-business models also need to upgrade themselves for future development. A2Z Cosmetics need to customize their sites, strategies and features that go with the customers preferences and taste. The company also needs to stay proactive for the unremitting and continuous updating of the technologies for making ease of the customers to navigate through the website as well as placing orders and making payments (Foster, 2012). The more the company will be facilitating these issues, the business models will be upgraded that will be giving ultimate satisfaction to the customers. Moreover, the innovation of the apps will attract more customers since now days, the usages of Smart phones and Iphones have increased to a considerable level. Task 4 a) Key elements for designing a website (AC 4.1) This will be the proposed website for A2Z Cosmetics. The reason for choosing this webpage for the company is due to its fresh look and innovative look. This webpage on browsing the customers can understand what the company sells and the reason of existence of the company. The look-book says something about the upcoming fresh items that are included in the store in the up-coming seasons. Our Story says about the companys evolution and milestones in the market. The Shop section contains the items and products from where they can choose products according to their style and passion. The name of the offline stores are given in where to buy section and blog section is given for jotting down the experience of the customers while shopping through this store. b) Impact of a well designed website on e-business A well designed website is essential on e-business in order to attract the customers to a great extent and engage the customers in the website of A2Z Cosmetics. This increases the customer database of the company that leads to the increase in revenue collection and get a better position in the search engines. In this technology savvy world, the customers who are concerned with the information related to the company before becoming the customers of it, for them a well designed, well informed website is essential (Al-Qirim, 2006). Moreover, an attractive website also helps in providing the customers with authentic information regarding the company which in return increases the loyalty of the customers towards the company. The visual effect of the website gives a solid impact on the customers and the meaningful content within it also makes the readers or customers happy and content. This leads to the increase in sales and profit of the company. c) Issues concerning website usability The website of A2Z Cosmetics need to simple but full of information and can be accessed easily by all the children, parents as well as visually impaired people. There will be a button for the visually impaired people which on clicking; those people can hear the information regarding the website of the company. Every details of the company, its products, ordering of the products, payments everything will be audible to those customers (Shi and Murthy, 2003). This makes the website easy for them to get access. Moreover, the website also contains the user id where verification of age is given to keep a track of the customers whether they are children or parents and displaying the products and according to their age. Conclusion This assignment deals with the technological development of e-business site of A2Z Cosmetics in order to have a competitive advantage over other companies on the same domain. In addition to this, the benefits, barriers of the online presence of the company along with the security and legislative issues are also discussed. Moreover the modes of communication, the usage of internet technology, features of HTML along with the extranets and intranets are also discussed. The future models are also discussed along with the benefits and challenges of the e-commerce models. References Alhassan, A. and Enagi, M. (2014). Evaluating Collaborative Technologies used by Academics: Case Study of Loughborogh University, UK. International Journal of Computer Applications, 93(19), pp.37-40. Al-Qirim, N. (2006). Global electronic business research. Hershey, Pa.: Idea Group Pub. Klatt, T. (2013). E-Commerce Business Models and Search Engine Dependency.iBusiness, 05(03), pp.205-208. Boone, L. and Kurtz, D. (2011). Contemporary business. United Kingdom: John Wiley Sons. Foster, A. (2012). Let's integrate - information services, content, technologies and collaboration: The Business Information Survey 2012. Business Information Review, 29(1), pp.9-28. Foster, A. (2012). Let's integrate - information services, content, technologies and collaboration: The Business Information Survey 2012. Business Information Review, 29(1), pp.9-28. Miller, H. and Engemann, K. (2014). Using reliability and simulation models in business continuity planning. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 5(1), p.43. Saebi, T. and Foss, N. (2014). Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogenous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions. European Management Journal. Shi, N. and Murthy, V. (2003). Architectural issues of Web-enabled electronic business. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Wang, F. and Vaughan, L. (2014). Firm web visibility and its business value. Internet Research, 24(3), pp.292-312. Yuksek, G. (2013). Development of information technologies, travel business and case of global distribution system: AMADEUS. Journal of Internet Applications and Management, 4(1), pp.53-68.

Industry Forecasting in Ford Motor Company

Factors that Impact the Industry This is an analysis evaluating the Ford Motor Company (FMC) for a period of over five years. The company is established on the automotive industry providing services in designing, developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling motor vehicles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Forecasting in Ford Motor Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It brings a lot of revenues, which make it one of the world’s most important economic sectors. According to Finch (2012), the PESTEL analysis is a model used in industry forecasting to scan the external industry environment. It is an acronym for a set of six comprehensive factors, which include the legal, environmental, social, technological, political, and economic factors often seen as the sources of opportunities or threats in SWOT analysis (Finch, 2012, p. 78). Political factors are extrinsic environmental variables that d emonstrate how the involvement of the government influences the overall competitive market or an individual company through trade restrictions, employment regulations, tax-related policies, and statutory laws on consumer protection which can favor the company, delay its growth over the first few years, or make it collapse at once. The political stability and government efficiency in providing safe and fair markets vary extensively between countries. Economic factors entail such characteristics as the condition and health of the prevailing economy in which the market of interest exists. Some variables with a significant impact at the market-product level in decision making include inflation, interest rates, the unemployment level, consumer confidence, gross domestic product, discretionary income, and the rate of currency exchange.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interest rate s have a particular importance to the companies pursuing growth opportunities since the expense of direct money borrowing affects a company’s ability to expand. Other economic factors affect the ability of a consumer to afford the product on sale making the economic stability a major determinant of the company’s growth. Social factors classify customer’s features into two essential classes namely culture and demographics, which present a major concern (Finch, 2012, p. 80). Culture contains the societal beliefs, attitude, and values whereas the study of population (demographics) gives a statistical description of the community’s characteristics expressed by location, age and employment. The interaction between marketing and culture is reciprocal. Therefore, the marketing communications utilize cultural meanings by transferring them to their products in order to attract customers who hold these values. As a result, the icons and symbols establish values whi ch are the foundation to the automotive industry. The marketers would take the opportunity to market their motor vehicles during cultural holidays that revolve around artistic rituals affirming such practices as exchange of gifts. Demographic characteristics of the market allow marketers to understand how the different segments of the community respond to product marketing as a result of such personal characteristics as age, sex and income.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Forecasting in Ford Motor Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Assessing consumer attitude enables a person to distinguish how the different demographic segments perceive certain products. This is a guideline showing the motor vehicles to design or sell to specific groups based on their preference, which can lead to acceleration of the company’s growth within five years. All marketing managers must be conscious of the trends in the technology sector since technological factors affect marketing processes through creation of innovative systems. These systems enable interactions with customers, processing of orders, and distribution of products. Environmental factors comprise of lifelong ecological concerns that can impact the motor industry at some point. These concerns can be addressed by designing electrical automobiles that are environmentally conscious, which can be more acceptable than fuel guzzlers, or those contributing to air pollution through release of exhaust fume. Finch (2012) describes legal factors as those affecting a company’s growth through rules and regulations that seek to control business organizational performance. These regulations are imposed to govern the pricing of products and natural monopolies, which arms them with a significant influence on the company’s growth (Finch, 2012, p. 81). Weaknesses Weaknesses are factors relating to a fortuity in which consumers rega rd the company unfavorably, or make the company susceptible to competitors leaving the company at a disadvantage compared to competitors.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are market-related and occur as an effect of liberalization which has globalized national markets increasing the threat of new entrants or competition in traditional. Furthermore, the increase in the behavior patterns of the consumer demands single products which may not be rewarding. Low company exposure can mean that few consumers are aware of it which can derail a company’s growth greatly especially within the initial five years. Therefore, this is a significant negative effect in the technological factors. Strengths The company’s strengths are either resources or skills which the company possesses in relation to the business opportunity under evaluation, or which may give the company an advantage over the others in the industry (Future Automotive Industry Structure 2015. 2003, p.26). These include the company’s stability and predictability in a case where it has been known to produce quality automobiles enhancing brand recognition which promotes consum er loyalty. Establishing a global presence will greatly increase the company’s chances of success as well as ensure the growth of sales within five years due to the establishment of a wide market in the different countries. Opportunities Some opportunities can be capitalized to enhance the company’s growth through such strategies as creating a history of product innovation and ensuring that the trend proceeds. With the invention of electric automobile market, this can be capitalized upon to provide the world with an eco-friendly alternative that operates similarly to the original gas-guzzling vehicles (Growth markets, 2004, p. 24). Possessing shares in the emerging markets ensures immense growth as the economies of these markets grow, and enable the consumers to afford automobiles. References Finch, J. (2012). Managerial Marketing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc. Future Automotive Industry Structure 2015. (2003). Web. Growth markets: future challenges and opp ortunities in the automotive industry. (2004). Web. This essay on Industry Forecasting in Ford Motor Company was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aurelia Cotta, Mother of Julius Caesar

Aurelia Cotta, Mother of Julius Caesar Behind every kick-ass man is an extraordinary mother or maternal figure who, let’s be honest, is pretty awesome. Even the one and only Julius Caesar, the statesman, dictator, lover, fighter, and conqueror, had an important woman to instill lovely Roman values into him from a young age. That was his mama, Aurelia Cotta. Bred to Breed A Roman matriarch from her perfectly coiffed hair  down to her sandals,  Aurelia raised her son with pride in his ancestry. After all, for a patrician clan, family was everything! Caesar’s paternal family, the Julii or Iulii, famously claimed descent from Iulus, a.k.a. Ascanius, son of the Italian hero Aeneas of Troy, and thus from Aeneas’s mother, the goddess Aphrodite/Venus.  It was on this basis that Caesar later founded the Temple of Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother) in the forum that bore his name.   Although the Julii claimed illustrious ancestry, they had lost much of their political clout in the years since Rome was founded.  Members of the Caesar’s  branch  of the Julii, the  Caesares,  had held important, but not outstanding, political posts for the century or two preceding our Julius’s birth. They made important alliances, however, including marrying Caesar’s paternal aunt to the dictator  Gaius Marius.  Julius Caesar the Elder might have achieved some note as a politician, but his ending  wash  ignominious. Suetonius says that Julius the Elder died when his son was fifteen, while  Pliny the Elder adds  that Caesar’s dad, an ex-praetor, died in Rome â€Å"without any apparent cause, in the morning, while putting on [his] shoes.†Ã‚   Aurelia’s own family had achieved more recently than her in-laws’. Although the exact identity of her mom and dad aren’t known, it seems likely that they were an Aurelius Cotta and one Rutilia. Three of her brothers were consuls,  and her own mother, Rutilia, was a devoted mother bear. The Aurelii were another distinguished family; the first member of this to become consul was another Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 252 B.C., and they’d kept up their hard work ever since. Married to Money? With such a distinguished lineage for her kids, Aurelia would have been understandably eager to ensure great destinies for them. Admittedly, like most other Roman mothers, she wasn’t too creative in naming them: both her daughters were called Julia Caesaris. But she took great pride in nurturing her son and turning him towards a promising future. Presumably, Caesar Sr. felt the same way, though he was probably away on government business during most of his son’s childhood. The older of the two girls probably married one Pinarius, then a Pedius, by whom she had issue, producing two grandsons. Those boys, Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius, were named in Julius’s will to inherit one-quarter of their uncle’s estate, according to Suetonius in his  Life of Julius Caesar. Their cousin, Octavius or Octavian (later to be known as Augustus), got the other three-fourths ... and was adopted by Caesar in his will! Octavius was the son of the granddaughter of Caesar’s younger sister Julia, who had married a man named Marcus Atius Balbus, whom Suetonius, in his  Life of Augustus, describes as â€Å"of a family displaying many senatorial portraits [and]†¦ closely connected on his mothers side with Pompey the Great.† Not bad! Their daughter, Atia (Caesar’s niece), wed Gaius Octavius, a member of a clan that, according to the  Life of Augustus, â€Å"was in days of old a distinguished one.† Propaganda much?  Ã‚  Their kid was the one and only Octavian. Aurelia: Model Mom According to Tacitus, the art childrearing had declined by his time (the late first century A.D.). In his Dialogue on Oratory, he claims that, once upon a time, a kid â€Å"was from the beginning reared, not in the chamber of a purchased nurse, but in that mother’s bosom and embrace,† and she took pride in her family. Her goal was to raise a son who would make the Republic proud. â€Å"With scrupulous piety and modesty, she regulated not only the boy’s studies and occupations, but even his recreations and games,† Tacitus writes. And whom does he cite as one of the best examples of such prime parenthood? â€Å"Thus it was, as tradition says, that the mothers of the Gracchi, of Caesar, of Augustus, Cornelia, Aurelia, Atia, directed their children’s education and reared the greatest of sons. He includes Aurelia and her granddaughter, Atia, as great moms whose rearing of their sons led those boys to contribute much to the Roman state, individuals with â€Å"a pure and virtuous nature which no vices could warp.† To educate her son, Aurelia brought in only the best. In his On Grammarians,  Suetonius names the freedman Marcus Antonius Gnipho, â€Å"a man of great talent, of unexampled powers of memory, and well read not only in Latin but in Greek as well,† as Caesar’s tutor. â€Å"He first gave instruction in the house of the Deified Julius, when the latter was still a boy, and then in his own home,† writes Suetonius, citing Cicero as another of Gnipho’s students. Gnipho is the only of Caesar’s teachers whose name we know today, but as an expert in languages, rhetoric, and literature, he clearly taught his most famous protà ©gà © well. Another way of ensuring your son’s future in ancient Rome? Obtaining a wife for him who had wealth or was well-bred – or both! Caesar was first engaged to one Cossutia, whom Suetonius describes as â€Å"a lady of only equestrian rank, but very wealthy, who had been betrothed to him before he assumed the gown of manhood.† Caesar decided on another woman with an even better pedigree, though: he â€Å"married Cornelia, daughter of that Cinna who was four times consul, by whom he afterwards had a daughter Julia.†Ã‚  It looks like Caesar learned some of his savvy from his mama! Eventually, the dictator Sulla, enemy of Caesar’s uncle Marius, wanted the boy to divorce Cornelia, but Aurelia worked her magic again. Caesar refused, endangering his life and those of his loved ones. Thanks to â€Å"the good offices of the Vestal virgins and of his near kinsmen, Mamercus Aemilius and Aurelius Cotta, he obtained forgiveness,† says Suetonius. But let’s be honest: who brought in her family and prominent Roman priestesses to help her baby boy? Most likely, it was Aurelia. Give Your Mom a Kiss When Caesar was elected to the highest priesthood in Rome, the office of pontifex maximus,  he made sure to kiss his mom goodbye before he went out to achieve this honor. It looks like Aurelia still lived with her son at this time, too! Writes Plutarch, â€Å"The day for the election came, and as Caesars mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: ‘Mother, to‑day thou shalt see thy son either pontifex maximus or an exile.’† Suetonius is a bit more practical about this episode, stating that Caesar bribed his way to the post to pay off his debts. â€Å"Thinking on the enormous debt which he had thus contracted, he is said to have declared to his mother on the morning of his election, as she kissed him when he was starting for the polls, that he would never return except as pontifex,† he writes. Aurelia seems to have played a supporting role in her son’s life. She even kept an eye on his wayward second wife, Pompeia, who was having an affair with a prominent citizen named Clodius. Writes Plutarch, â€Å"But close watch was kept upon the womens apartments, and Aurelia, Caesars mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.† At the festival of Bona Dea, the Good Goddess, in which only women were allowed to participate, Clodius dressed as up as a female to meet Pompeia, but Aurelia foiled their plot. As he was â€Å"trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came,† describes Plutarch. Aurelia’s maid started screaming once she realized a man had intruded on these rites. But her mistress remained calm and handled it like an ancient Olivia Pope. According to Plutarch, â€Å"the women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.† Aurelia and the other women reported the sacrilege to their husbands and sons, and Caesar divorced the licentious Pompeia. Thanks, Mom! Alas, not even courageous Aurelia could survive forever. She passed away in Rome while Caesar was campaigning abroad. Caesar’s daughter, Julia, died in childbed around the same time, making this loss a triple one: â€Å"Within this same space of time he lost first his mother, then his daughter, and soon afterwards his grandchild,† says Suetonius.   Talk about a blow! The loss of Julia is often cited as one reason why Caesar and Pompey’s alliance began to deteriorate, but the death of Aurelia, Caesars number one fan, couldn’t have helped her sons faith in all things good. Eventually, Aurelia became the ancestress of royalty as the great-grandmother of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Not a bad way to end a career as Supermom.

Arab Sprig Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab Sprig - Essay Example One scenario was a successful revolt to a more democratic government, made with less wasted resources. Tunisia perhaps, was the only example of ‘a success story’ from all countries involved in ‘Arab spring’ (Botelho). Historically, Tunisia was also a country where ‘Arab spring’ ideas have started spread from when a 26-year-old Tunisian, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself on fire protesting against youth unemployment and generally, against a corrupt regime responsible for low level of life in Tunisia (BBC). A revolt succeeded in a form of ‘mostly nonviolent removal’ of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, bringing country to desirable elections in 2011. Totten says that despite the Islamist party Ennahda won this race, a majority of Tunisians were already voting in democratic way, demonstrating their preference to a variety of other parties (Totten 2). Thus, finally Tunisians overthrown a religious Ennahda too, and never again returning to a one party dictatorship, adopted a liberal constitution. Egyptian case when overthrowing President Hosni Mubarak’s nearly 30 years long dictatorship was similar to a Tunisian one. ‘Egyptian activists got their inspiration from Tunisia’, –believes Botelho (Botelho). The resistance was more brutal comparing to Tunisian civil protesting, but finally, Egypt was voting in free President Elections 2011. Similar to Tunisian scenario, firstly choosing the Islamists leader Mohamed Morsi, Egyptians overthrown Morsi in 2013 due to a military support of Egyptian General el-Sisi. However, Egyptian case outcome differs from Tunisian liberation. Totten is skeptical on Egyptian new governmental actions, and points on acts of repressions: ‘Sisi’s regime reeks of Stalinism these days’ (Totten 3). Conversely, ‘Arab spring’ has been a very dramatic and costly enterprise for Libya and Syria, countries drugged into a brutal civil war nowadays. Totten points that because

Risk Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Identification - Essay Example For anything to qualify as an art, it is essential that an element of subjectivity lies therein. Subjectivity hitherto refers to lack of objective and empirical explanation for the factors that might be involved in the undertaking. These do tend to be absent from the dynamic identification of risk at certain junctures. Here comes the viewpoint of considering it as underdeveloped. The fact of the matter is, that classifying the true potential of a subjective quantity is never really possible - hence making risk identification an essentially underdeveloped art. It may not be taken as a negative feature, but rather as inherent trait. It is partially developed in the context that certain integral features of the process of risk management have been actualized, and can be subsequently applied to any school of thought wanting to get a risk identification for itself. However, it is reasonably underdeveloped in the context of protective and speculative abilities. After all, the primary purpose of risk identification is to rid oneself off it and possibly avoid a remission of the same. However, the complex dynamics of every operating system, man or machine, makes it a magnanimous task to recognize all possible risks. Wikipedia explains the process of risk identification, "... It is partially developed in the context that certain integral features of the process of risk management have been actualized, and can be subsequently applied to any school of thought wanting to get a risk identification for itself. However, it is reasonably underdeveloped in the context of protective and speculative abilities. After all, the primary purpose of risk identification is to rid oneself off it and possibly avoid a remission of the same. However, the complex dynamics of every operating system, man or machine, makes it a magnanimous task to recognize all possible risks. Risk Identification - Domain Wikipedia explains the process of risk identification, "After establishing the context, the next step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks. Risks are about events that, when triggered, will cause problems. Hence, risk identification can start with the source of problems, or with the problem itself." This explains the rationale of how things are taken, and hopefully, preempted. After this, it is desirable for the analysis of the risk to be taken. These can be further of two types: 1. "Source analysis Risk sources may be internal or external to the system that is the target of risk management. Examples of risk sources are: stakeholders of a project, employees of a company or the weather over an airport. 2. "Problem analysis Risks are related to fear. For example: the fear of losing money, the fear of abuse of privacy information or the fear of accidents and casualties. The fear may exist with various entities, most important with shareholder, customers and legislative bodies such as the government" (Wikipedia). Risk Identification - Methods Risk identification factors can be multifaceted in their origin. "The chosen method of

Application of rapid prototyping in industrial field Essay

Application of rapid prototyping in industrial field - Essay Example Some specific applications of rapid prototyping are discussed below. 1. Investment casting Investment casting is one of the widely used manufacturing processes in recent days though it had been in use for several years. In the investment casting process, a metallic part is created with the help of an investment model and it is used as hardware. As the first step of the process, the investment is coated with some layers of ceramic shell material and sand. After drying the pattern, it is burned with high temperature in order to make it stronger and acquire high resistance to thermal reactions. This burning process creates several cavities in the pattern which is filled with molten metal and subsequently allowed to cool (Cooper & Cooper, 133)1. The model so produced allows the company to assess the performance of the designed model. Since the company gets the prototype casting within a few days on less expense, they are relieved from the huge expenses of traditional processes of product ion tooling or machining. In addition to investment casting, sand casting, vacuum casting, and injection molding there are some of the applications of rapid prototyping which fall under the category of indirect tooling. 2 2. Laser-Engineered Net Shaping It is also an application of rapid prototyping and includes in the category of direct tooling. ... The MTS Corporation has commercialized the system. Rapid tools, Direct AIM, LOMComposite, and Sand Molding are the other applications under direct tooling. 5 3. Aerospace and Military Rapid prototyping is used for the Airbus manufacturing in the Europe especially in UK. The Airbus manufacturing industry faces the challenge in designing adequate models of wind tunnel as it involves the pumping of ‘high pressure air to power turbine engines within a limited space envelope’ (Euromold)6. Laser sintering was discovered as the best solution to this problem and it helps the manufacturer to meet various financial needs of the project and meet the deadlines. Rapid prototyping and thereby additive technologies help the wind tunnel industrialists to carry out their functions easily and efficiently. Rapid prototyping has other applications also in the service area of military. 4. Medical and Dental 7 As the branch of rapid prototyping developed fast, the medical industry has also ob tained several advantages. It helps medical technicians to design physical models from medical images with help of additive fabrication technology. Nowadays, the surgeons across the world use physical anatomical models in order to develop frameworks for complex surgeries as it helps them to carry out the process more smoothly 8(ProtoCAM). As the medical device manufactures realized the scope of rapid prototyping, they have begun to take patient-specific images so as to produce large collections of databases for the further designing processes. Researchers in the area of osteology have many applications with rapid prototyping as it helps them to produce bone models and fracture healing

The death penalty debate

The death penalty debate Death penalty has been an issue of controversy and debate for ages and one comes across a large number of arguments for and against capital punishment system. Capital punishments were prevalent at one stage or other in the developmental history of many nations and many of them have constitutionally abolished death penalty from their criminal justice systems. Advocates of death penalty in the United States argue that death penalty is the need of the time as homicides and serious offences are at an increasing rate and that the provision for capital punishment can act as the strongest corrective measure in a crime prone condition. Besides, there are many who believe that many innocent lives can be saved by providing death penalty to dreaded criminals. The retributive belief that death penalty is essential to preserve retributive justice whereby murderers get the full punishment they deserve and the utilitarian argument that death penalty deters or is necessary to incapacitate prospectiv e criminals have immensely supported capital punishments in the nation. On the other hand, the major argument against death penalty is that it is against human rights, ethics, and morality. Whatever may be the arguments for and against the practice, when it comes to implementation of a law such as capital punishment on state level, it is essential to consider the pros and cons of death penalty in the nation, the underlying reasons behind the creation of the capital punishment, the moral and ethical issues related to it, how much the implementation of it is efficient in fulfilling its purpose, and whether there are any other alternatives to achieving the same purposes as that of death penalty. The higher cost of using the capital punishment and the liabilities it causes on the states governance are also to be unearthed. In doing so the paper tries to compare and contrast capital punishment with its closest possible alternative-life imprisonment without any possibility for parole. The paper seeks to make a probe into the various aspects of capital punishment and it emphasises that capital punishment should be abolished in the United States as it does not deter other criminals, as there is the increased risk of innocents being executed and as the cost of execution is higher than that of life imprisonment. 2 Discussion There have been a number of debates over the future of capital punishment in the United States. However, it is a fact that the opponents as well as the supporters of death penalty system are not entirely satisfied with the current system of capital punishments and the way death penalty is administered in the nation. Even a number of national opinion polls have brought about conflicting results with regard to the elimination capital punishments. This has prompted most of the politicians to take a neutral stand in this controversial issue. On the other hand, there are many who favour life time imprisonment without any chance of parole to death sentencing. In fact, the abolitionists have played a pivotal role in educating the public of the laws regarding life in prison without parole whereby they seek to convince people that such murderers will never be released or allowed to commit further deadly crimes (Marzilli 2008, p. 94). They also argue that United States should follow the exampl e set by other Western industrialized nations in abolishing capital punishment. There are also many who hold that gun control, drug treatment, better schools, and other social programs are much more effective than the death penalty in reducing crime (Marzilli 2008, p. 96). Similarly, one should also bear in mind that there are several nations that have brought down crime rates even after abolishing death sentence. Abolition of Capital Punishments: Pros and Cons: It is essential to consider the advantages and disadvantages of capital punishments in the United States. Stephen B. Bright argues that death penalty is an outdated form of punishment which belonged to the primitive ages when prisons and jail systems were limited. He cites the examples of South Africa and Russia, two nations that have abolished death sentencing in the 1990s. According to him, in USA, there are many other factors like racism, poverty, improper police and prosecution practices that decide death penalty for the perpetrator, rather than the seriousness of the crime committed (Bright, 2000, p. 2). To substantiate his argument, Stephen provides a number of instances where the convicts who were sentenced for death penalty were later proved to be innocents and thus points out how the judicial system of the nation come to hasty conclusions and sentence people for capital punishments. In the same way, in most of the cases the ac cused were not given proper legal assistance and even the mentally retarded people were convicted for capital punishment. Thus, he concludes that there exists fallibility of the court system of the nation and he exhorts that the government should pay heed to the public demand to abolish death penalty from the nation. On the other hand, the supporters of the capital punishment system consider death penalty as the strongest form of deterrence and preserver of judicial retribution. Ernest van den Haag, a Professor of Jurisprudence at Fordham University, repudiates the arguments of Simon by stating that it would be a failure of the judicial system of the nation if dreaded criminals are not punished for the retribution of their crimes. According to him, the capital punishment acts as the powerful deterrent for the criminal minded people to abstain from crimes as he believes in the common sense evidence that fear of the death penalty is likely to deter many would-be criminals from committing murder (Haag 2000, p.1). Besides, he holds that sparing criminals from death penalty would pose further threat to many more innocent lives. Thus, the abolitionists argue that the change should take place not in the sentencing of death penalty but the way it is pronounced. The accused are to be provided sufficient o pportunity to prove his/her innocence irrespective of his/ her colour or financial status. No hasty decisions are to be taken during trials and only the deserving convicts are to be sentenced for death penalty. While many purport that capital punishments are aimed at deterring prospective criminals from indulging in serious criminal activities, it is quite paradoxical that death sentence in the United States are inflicted in private, leaving no scope for such deterrence. Similarly, one can also find that crime rates have not come down in those states where capital punishment prevails offering no evidence that support this deterrence perspective. Bryant (2003, p. 376) makes this clear when the author purports that even though the states are spending millions of dollars into the death penalty, one can notice no resultant reduction in crime rates in these states. In this respect, Sarat argues that capital punishments has become commonplace in America. For him, capital punishments in the states take place in the face of increasing doubts about the reliability and fairness of the capital punishment system, strong criticising from international communities (mainly from democratic nations) and in many cases the issues of the victims innocence are remaining unresolved (Sarat, 2002, p. 13). The author also argues that capital punishments only help to weaken democratic political institutions and promote revenge rather than reconciliation or social reconstruction. One can also notice that death penalty in America is disproportionately directed towards racial minorities (who murder white victims) and in many jurisdictions blacks and African Americans are subjected to capital punishments at a rate of 38 percent higher than all others (Sarat, 2002, p. 18). Innocence, Morality and death penalty: The growing support for the abolition of death penalty and subsequent priority for life imprisonment is the likelihood of innocent people being put to death. One can never undermine the possibility of wrongful conviction and execution of the innocents due to human error the fallibility and frailty of human judgement), perjured testimony and mistaken honest testimony (Hodgkinson Schabas, 2004, p. 11). A significant research conducted by Bedau, Radelet and Putnam showed that there were almost 416 cases in the United States where the wrong person had been convicted and sentenced to death; the underlying reasons for these wrongful convictions varied from perjury by prosecution witnesses, mistaken eyewitness testimony, community passion against the defendants, failure in police work to overzealous prosecution (Hodgkinson Schabas, 2004, p. 13). All this have culminated in the public demand towards the introduction of a moratorium on executions where by a commission would decide whether it is fair to administer death penalty on the convicted. The Death penalty Information Centre (2002) observes that even though the Federal Government has undertaken great radical measures to minimise the chances of innocent people being executed, it has been identified that almost 102 persons have been released from death rows in various states based on evidence of their innocence since 1973 (Bryant 2003, p. 376) and all these evidences call for the need to abolish capital punishment in the nation. Thus, it can be seen that even though the most significant argument against administering death penalty is the possibility of innocent people being executed, the ethical and human rights issues related to capital system also need to be addressed. Many social scientists, theologians and legal experts explain that capital punishment is morally wrong, and thus should be abolished and replaced with more humane but adequate criminal penalties. Simultaneously, social activists and right protection organizations called for a moratorium on death penalty until the American judicial system achieves an acceptable degree of accuracy and ensures highest levels of fairness in capital punishment processes. The ethical concerns with regard to capital punishment system consider it as a way of taking revenge on the perpetrators whereas morality stresses on mercy, compassion and forgiveness. Similarly, the proponents of human rights theories argue that the government does not have the right to take the life of anyone and that the value of life is to be acknowledged. Similarly, there are many who hold that the methods of execution used by the judicial system are cruel and inhumane. History of Capital Punishment in America: Ever since the end of the Second World War one can notice a considerable decline in the rate of capital punishments in the United States. Hood (2002) offers a clear cut statistics of the number of capital punishments in the United States in various decades. During the 1930s the number of people executed in the nation was 1,670; in the 1940s it was brought down to 1,288 and in the 1950s to 717. The number of people executed in the nation was only 21 in 1963, 15 in 1964 and just 2 in 1967. The Supreme Courts verdict in 1972 that ruled all death penalty as unconstitutional as it was being applied in an arbitrary, capricious and discriminatory manner against the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the constitution in Furman v. Georgia case proved to be a landmark in the history of the criminal judicial system of the nation (Hood, 2002, p. 63). This prompted many of the states to redraft their statutes and frame new capital statutes which were rul ed as constitutional by the Supreme Court in Gregg v. Georgia and many other cases towards 1976. Since then, there have been debates over whether capital punishments are to be abolished or not. While those states that uphold capital punishments for their deterrence effect on prospective criminals, there are 13 jurisdictions in the United States that have abolished capital punishments. In the 1970s there was an increasing public demand to reinstate capital punishments and this paved the way for new mandatory statutes regarding death penalty. Killing a police officer, murder-for-hire, multiple murder, and murder by a life-sentenced inmate became more likely to be followed by death penalties under these new mandatory statutes (Petrezselyem, 2008, p. 15). However, factors such as mental impairment, emotional disturbance and juvenile delinquency were also taken into account in such mandatory capital punishment cases. Even though the abolitionists argued that capital punishment in its ver y nature is cruel and unusual as per the Eighth Amendment of the constitution, the US Supreme court announced its decision on July 2, 1976 in favour of the supporters. However, the mandatory death penalty sentencing was rejected by the Supreme Court as it fails to take into such factors as individual circumstances that led to the crime. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in the Coker v. Georgia case that it was unconstitutional to provide death penalty for rape cases. However, The Violent Control Act of 1994 made capital punishment a discretionary penalty for offences other than murder cases. However, towards the last decade of the 20th century there was an increased difference of opinion on the legitimacy of capital punishment among the juries in the Supreme Court as well as the common public which led to controversies and debates over the abolition of capital punishment in the nation. Similarly, public opinion also has varied from time to time in public polls with regard to the abol ition of capital punishments. The methods of execution in the United States vary from lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging to firing squad; the statistics on execution in the United States since 1976 show that there were 654 executions through lethal injection whereas there were only 10 executions by electrocution, 11 by gas chamber, 3 by hanging and two via firing squad (Bryant 2003, p. 370). Abolitionists argue the death penalty is cruel and inhumane primarily because of the methods used. The pictures of the old and newly renovated San Quentin Prison Death Chambers are given below: Capital Punishment and its Cost: One needs to consider the huge amount of money spent on capital punishments and studies have shown that the cost of death penalty is much higher compared to other forms of punishment. In this respect Mandery (2005) observes that the increasing costs of capital punishment are actually making America less safe and that it has put the nation at the danger of economic and financial liabilities. The author observes that the state of California which had little money for innovations like community policing is spending an extra $90 million per year on capital punishment whereas Texas, which spends on capital punishment an estimated $2.3 million per case has the highest murder rate in the nation (Mandery, 2005, p. 116). These statistics clearly demonstrate that there exists no cost-benefit analysis for the huge sums of money spend on administering death penalty. It is also imperative to compare the cost of capital punishment with that of life imprisonment without parole and researches have shown that death penalty is much more expensive than its closest alternative-life imprisonment with no parole. As Mandery observes, Capital trials are longer and more expensive at every step than other murder trials. Pre-trial motions, expert witness investigations, jury selection, and the necessity for two trials-one on guilt and one on sentencing-make capital cases extremely costly, even before the appeals process begins (Mandery, 2005, p. 116). One can also see that many of the capital punishments end up in life imprisonment even though the government needs to spend huge amount of money for the prosecution and trials. A comparative and contrastive analysis of the cost of death penalty and life imprisonment without parole shows that the death penalty is actually two or three times more expensive than that of life imprisonment. Barkan Bryjak put it, capi tal cases are extremely time-consuming costly than life imprisonment procedures as they involve various procedures at the pre-trial and trial stages unlike non-capital cases; similarly, appeals following conviction also become mandatory, time-consuming and costly in capital cases (Barkan Bryjak 2010, p. 447). All these prove that the federal and state governments can benefit a lot from the abolition of capital punishment and the huge amount of money spend on death capital cases can be used for the effective prevention of crimes such as the employment of community policing. Capital punishments are also causing financial burden to the local governments and various counties. Very often, the county governments become responsible for the costs of prosecution, appeals for defending the poor convicts, and in their criminal trials. The far reaching effects of this increasing cost for capital punishment for the nation are many and varied. The large sum of money spend on death penalty not only is reflected in the shrinking budget for crime prevention but also in other developmental and health care projects. Similarly, these costs of capital punishment pose great financial trouble to the tax payers also. Mandery, in this respect, observes that in Texas taxpayers need to pay an average of $ 2.3 million towards death penalty case costs which is about three times the cost of imprisoning one at the highest security level for 40 years and in Florida the cost for each execution is $3.2 million (2005, p. 117). Thus, one can easily come to the conclusion that the high co sts of capital prosecution in the nation has adverse and long lasting effects on its local, State and Federal government budgets. All these call for the need to substitute death penalties with life-without-parole sentences whereby the nation can utilize the high cost of death penalty system for better crime prevention measures and other purposes. (Baumgartner, Boef Boydstun 2008, p. 229). Life imprisonment over death penalty: Moral, religious and legal issues have always been an issue with regard to punishment of criminal activities of citizens of a country or a region. Some legal systems consider both life imprisonment and death penalty while others take a stand that taking a life of a human being is morally and ethically wrong (Gildenhuys 2004, p. 17). Given the various factors mentioned above, this section views awarding life imprisonment without parole as an effective alternative to capital punishments for any crimes. The factors that will be taken into consideration are the effectiveness in prevention of crime in awarding death sentences versus life imprisonment. The legal factors followed in the US are not considered here because statutes regarding the two factors differ between different states. Proponents of death penalty state that executions will help to deter crime and will also remove the criminal from committing further crimes (Baumgartner, Boef Boydstun 2008, p. 246). Execution in a verdict of death penalty is irreversible and does not offer a chance to the concerned individual to a life of redemption and regret apart from the fact that judicial errors may creep in such sentencing and subsequent executions (Hood 2004, p. 95). Once a person is executed it is not possible that he or she will redeem or change their attitudes and make an attempt to come back into the mainstream society. The above observation also indicates that judicial errors can result in wrongful conviction of innocent persons which could be proved as wrong in the course of time which is possible in life imprisonment. One compelling argument against death penalty is that it promotes official homicide or murder or in other words, endorses unofficial criminal acts (Robertson 2002, p. 2). In other words, it could be said that official execution will only contribute to develop an attitude that will endorse unofficial or civilian criminal acts. Another factor that favours a lighter sentence like life imprisonment over capital punishment is provided by Hodgkinson and Schabas. The reason is that there is an increase of unfairness in awarding of capital punishment for the same type of crimes in the United States (Hodgkinson Schabas 2004, p. 208). The authors state the following factors that contribute to this development over the years. Courts in the US find it increasingly difficult to appoint counsels to represent death-row inmates in the country. In other words, competent people who can argue for a lesser punishment are often seen as difficult and hence can be considered to be unfair to such convicted people. Those counsels appointed are not only incompetent, but also are often accused of unethical behaviour themselves. This is an indication that competent counsels are reluctant to represent such cases and also that those who come forward will go any lengths to defend their clients. According to the authors, another aspect of this lack of fairness is that economically backward sections of the community are affected more under such circumstances. In other words, a proper investigation which could provide persuasive evidence against providing capital punishment to such sections through proper investigations and arguments is not available. The inherent problem is that a jury comprised of common citizens may award a preliminary death penalty and such people do not have the power to counter it. The lack of understanding of the acts of psychologically disturbed persons is also an issue in this instance (Fleiner Fleiner-Gerster 1999, p. 64). Statistics over the years show that sentencing to death and actual executions have shown a disturbing trend in recent years. Figures ranging from the 1950s to 1970s show that the actual number of sentencing was quite low in the 1950s, but the subsequent carrying out of executions were high during this period (Barkan Bryjak 2010, p. 443). Both sentencing and actual executions came down during the 1970s. But as mentioned earlier, both sentencing and executions have actually increased after the 1970s in the United States. This could be due to the increasing number of crimes in the modern society and a change in judicial outlook on the concept of implementing (and executing) death penalty. The fact is that awarding of capital punishment does not seem to have an effect on criminal activities in a particular society. For example, studies on crime over the past century in New York does not provide any real evidence that death sentence providesany real deterrence to crime when compared to life imprisonment (Owens, Carlson, Elshtain, 2004, p. 241). Thus, it can be concluded that capital punishment and subsequent execution is not a deterrent and a solution for criminal activities in the United States. Whatever may be the reasons that the perpetuators of crimes act in a particular fashion harmful to the society, it is felt that they should be given a chance to change their outlook and attitudes. This is not possible in the case of capital punishments and executions. But a life imprisonment may provide them with a chance to transform through effective counselling and support and above all the government can save a large sum of capital invested in death penalties which can be utilized in other sectors. 3 Conclusions Having critically analysed the various pros and cons of the capital punishment system in the United States one can come to the conclusion that death penalty should be abolished in the nation. First of all, the large sum of money spent on capital punishments not only adversely affects the budget systems of the local, State and Federal governments but it also does not have any positive impact on reducing the crime rates in such states that have not yet abolished the system. Similarly, studies have clearly demonstrated that the capital punishment system does not help to deter further similar crimes in the United States. The study also has shown that life imprisonment without any possibility for parole could be an ideal alternative to death penalties as it is comparatively less costly and provides an opportunity for innocent victims to prove their innocence. Life time imprisonment is also desirable as the dreaded criminals will never be allowed to indulge in similar dreaded crimes as the y will not be offered any sorts of parole and it can also have a deterring effect on the society. The moral and ethical considerations also favour life imprisonment without parole as the method of punishment value both human life, human rights and ethical codes. Similarly, life time imprisonment without parole also helps the judicial system to make sure that no innocents are being executed. The innocent victims get opportunity to prove their innocence even though justice can be delayed to them. Death penalty, in its implementation level is subject to a number of drawbacks and therefore it is recommended that the nation abolish the system and substitute it with its closest possible alternative-life imprisonment without any possibility for parole. It can also be seen that life imprisonment is capable of providing sufficient retribution for ones crimes and that it has also got the potential to deter further crimes. It is high time that the United States makes meaningful constitutional amendments so as to implement the abolition of capital punishments. For this, the abolitionists need to go a long way towards creating awareness among the public, the jury and the political leaders. They also need to build public opinion in favour of the abolition of death penalty in the nation and the present trends in the nation show positive signs towards such a land mark in the judicial and constitutional history of the United States. Thus, it can be concluded that that capital punishment should be abolished in the United States as it does not deter other criminals, as there is the increased risk of innocents being executed and as the cost of execution is higher than that of life imprisonment.

Stevenson and Conrad: The Duality of Human Nature Essay -- Victorian A

The Victorian Age marked a period of immense transition in many aspects of human life. In 1859 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, a work that opposed the traditional way of perceiving religion. Candyce Klin author of â€Å"Darwinism as A Cultural Issue†, states that The Origin of Species proposed the theory that all living creatures had to compete within their own preconditions in order to survive. This may be why the controversial issue of the duality of human nature has been found at the heart of many Victorian works. The theme of the duality of man can be found in the works of two famous English authors, Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad. Stevenson and Conrad both incorporate the theme of the duality of human nature within their own novellas. Stevenson employs this theme throughout his novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and similarly Conrad employs this theme throughout his novella Heart of Darkness. In both novellas the theme is found i n the literary devices of symbolism and personification. Although both works embody the theme of the duality of human nature, each author takes their own individual approach in utilizing literary techniques to help preserve this crucial theme. Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh on November 13, 1850. From a young age Stevenson was fascinated with the darker side of human nature, reflecting his abiding interest in the concept of a double life (The Norton Anthology of English Literature 1643). Stevenson composed The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1855, publishing it the follow year in 1856. Upon publication The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde expeditiously became a best seller in both Britain and America (The Norton Anthology of English... ...ample of symbolism is ivory. In Heart of Darkness ivory symbolizes greed and the calamitous nature of man, or the evil side. All throughout the novella the agents and mangers of the Company are consumed by obtaining ivory, so much so that they abandon all their moral principles, instead apply any method necessary to acquire heaping shipments of ivory. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. "Heart of Darkness." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. By Stephen Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams. 8th ed. Vol. 2. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. 1891 1947. Print. Klin, Candyce. â€Å"Darwinism as A Cultural Issue† Cedar Crest College, 2 June 2001. Web. 17 Apr. 2014. Stevenson, Robert L. "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. By Stephen Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams. 8th ed. Vol. 2. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. 1643-1685. Print.

Labeling theory Essay

Stereotypes are thoughts adopted about a person or a group of people that may or may not be true. In reality a stereotype does not really have a definition. Different people view stereotypes differently. Researchers and psychologists have different definitions what a stereotypes can actually be. Some people regard stereotypes as being a negative thing, might go as far as saying it is prejudice. This is because cultures label others differently. If a person does not understand a culture but sees a trend they assume that the whole culture must be that way. This is an example of what stereotyping means to most. Psychologists Yueh-Ting Lee and Charles Stangor have their own believes on stereotypes. They do not agree on what stereotyping is, but both add a valid explanation. Yueh-Ting Lee a professor from the Westfield State College is a psychologist that has researched and wrote about stereotypes in our cultures. He believes that stereotypes might be perceived as a negative thing because they involve generalizing a culture or person. Lee believes that stereotypes are far from the truth. He doesn’t believe that a person or culture can be generalized to one thing. The world is a big place that can be very unfamiliar to most people. People that have never traveled the world or seen many cultures do not truly understand these places. Most of the people in the world fall under this curious but unaware category. Lee believes that stereotypes are needed for these kinds of people. What better way to start understanding a culture then looking at the stereotypes? He believes that stereotypesare a starting point in understanding the different people and cultures. Stereotyping is a belief we use to categorize people, objects and events. Lee says that these stereotypes will help uncertain people deal with all the information about the vast cultures on earth. All this leads Lee to believe that stereotyping is a good and necessary way of obtaining opinions on people and cultures. Charles Stangor a psychologist from the University of Maryland College Park has his view on stereotypes. He does not share the same views as Lee in regards to stereotyping being a useful or good thing. Stangor leans more into the idea that people need to rate others in order to know where they stand. This is an aspect of stereotyping shared by many. The fact that one culture or person will generalize another culture or person into a group based on who they are and what they do. Stagnor believes that powerful people use stereotypes to exploit selected groups of people. There are many negative stereotypes that arise from people generalizing on one aspect of a person or culture. For example African Americans are labeled to be good athletes but portrayed not to be as smart as Asians or whites. Stagnor believes that is a manipulation, and that stereotypes cannot be true, therefore they cannot be used to judge a person or their culture. Stagnor believes that generalizing can lead to more serious things like racism, sexism, or other prejudice. Stereotypes cannot be labeled as a good thing. This planet has many different people, cultures, beliefs, and races. Every single human being is different than every other human. If this is all true then how can we label people into categories? A human is not something up for sale and cannot be labeled and shelved in a specific section. This is maybe true about whole groups of people from the same race or culture. Like Stagnor believes stereotyping leads people to become prejudice against others. Labeling a race into one category is racism in a sense. A common stereotype is that all African Americans are great athletes but not as smart as other cultures. This is viewed because a lot of them are professional athletes. Being athletic does not make someone less intelligent, or being smart does not mean someone cannot be an athlete. This is an example of viewing a race only through one lense. People will not be able to understand other cultures if they only see someone from one side. Lee argues that stereotypes will lead us to understand or just began understanding someone. What if someone takes these stereotypes and sticks to that idea about someone. This will lead people to generalize races and cultures into one idea. This will be a harmful stereotype because we will be unable to look past that one idea. Negative stereotyping will lead humans to be intolerable of other races and cultures. People must understand why someone different then themselves is the way they are. If a select group of people are labeled in some way we cannot label the whole race that way. We have to give the rest of that race a chance. The least we can do is to understand a race before we pass a judgment.